we can study stress from the point of view of ...	production and perception
the production of stress	depend on the speaker using more muscular energy than is used for unstressed syllables
the perception of stress	all stressed syllables have one characteristic in common (prominence);
stressed syllables are ...	more prominent than unstressed syllables
factors which make a syllable prominent:	loudness, the length of syllables, pitch, quality
loudness	stressed syllables are louder than unstressed
the length of syllables	one which is made longer is stressed
pitch	perceptual characteristic of speech; high-pitched syllable – stressed and others unstressed
syllables may sometimes be made prominent be means...	of only one or two of factors
loudness and quality	much less effect than pitch and length
two-level analysis of stress	looking at words in isolation; to see placement and stress levels; around
primary stress	The strongest degree of stress placed on a syllable in the pronunciation of a word; around
secondary stress	weaker than primary stress; low mark; photographic
third level	unstressed; the absence of any recognisable amount of prominence
placement of stress within the word a), b), c)	a) morphologically simple or complex, b) the grammatical category, c) the number of syllables inWord
placement of stress within the word d)	d) the phonological structure of those syllables
single-syllable words	pronounced in isolation – said with primary stress
two-syllable words (adverbs and prepositions) behave like...	verb and adjectives
loan words	words brought into the language from other languages comparatively recently