| Slavic | language family with Polish, Russian, Bulgarian |
| Germanic | language family with Swedish, Dutch, English |
| Romance | language family with Spanish, Romanian, French |
| Indo-Arian | language family with Hindu, Romany, Farsi |
| Celtic | language family with Welsh, Irish, Breton |
| Semitic | language family with Arabic, Hebrew |
| Austronesian | language family with Malay, Tagalog, Maori |
| syntax | the grammar and word order |
| modality | meanings such as possibility and necessity |
| phonology | the sound system, i.e. pronunciation and intonation |
| phoneme | different sounds that distinguish meanings |
| diphtong | sounds made by combining vowels |
| lexicon | technical term for vocabulary |
| compound | word formed by combining words |
| Anglo-Saxon | language of England from 500 to 1000 AD |
| Graeco-Latin | originally from Greek and Latin |
| orthography | technical term for writing systems |
| character | letter or symbol |
| pictogram | character representing picture |
| ideogram | character representing idea/concept |
| morphology | the way words are formed |
| morpheme | unit of meaning |
| inflected | have endings to show tense, person, etc. |
| isolating | describes language in which each word has only one morpheme |
| cedilla | ogonek pod 'c' |
| umlaut | dwie kropki nad samogłoską |
| circumflex | daszek |
| acute | akcent w prawo |
| grave | akcent w lewo |
| tilde | falka pozioma nad, tylda |
