| hastened | hurried |
| contagious | easily transmitted |
| congenital | present from birth |
| contentious | likely to disagree |
| ingestion | taking food |
| incision | a cut |
| to notch | to make a V-shaped cut in a surface |
| recurring | (of injury) coming back |
| vertigo | fear of height |
| to nausea | to get sick at sea |
| to press forward | to move through sth |
| to encapsulate | to contain |
| bystander | witness |
| respectively | in the order mentioned |
| framework for sth | the set of principles used to decide sth |
| to trample | to cause damage |
| mundane | boring, uneventful |
| to discard sth | to get rid of sth |
| checkered | having good and bad moments |
| quick fix | a fast way of improving a situation |
| salubrious | helpgiving |
| insalubrious | not helpgiving |
| to have first hand experience | to experience sth by oneself |
| inundated | flooded |
| to jump the gun | to be quick when doing sth |